8th century BC
The 8th century BC started the first day of 800 BC and ended the last day of 701 BC.
Overview
The 8th century BC was a period of great changes in civilizations. In Egypt, the 23rd and 24th dynasties led to rule from Nubia in the 25 Dynasty. Assyria conquers the Kingdom of Israel as well as nearby countries.
In Greece, durable documents record the earliest known Olympic Games, later adding footrace events, although competitions are believed to extend back 400 years earlier. Greece colonizes other regions of the Mediterranean Sea and Black Sea. Plus, there is now talk of Greece and Rome, since Rome is founded during mid-century in 753 BC, and the Etruscan civilization expands in Italy.
The first historic solar eclipse is recorded in China, 780 BC.
The century ends with the Upanishads, a sacred text of Hinduism, written circa 700 BC.
Events and trends
- 800 BC — India — Baudhayana, author of the Baudhayana Sulba Sutra, a Vedic Sanskrit geometric text, contains the first use of the Pythagorean theorem, quadratic equations, and calculates the square root of 2 correct to five decimal places
- Late 8th century BC — Earrings, crown and rosettes, from the tomb of Queen Yabay in Kalhu (modern Nimrud, Iraq) are made. They are now at Iraq Museum, Baghdad. Discovered in 1988.
- c. 8th century BC — 7th century BC; Woman spinning, from Susa (modern Shush, Iran) is made. It is now at Musee du Louvre, Paris.
- 797 BC — Ardysus I becomes king of Lydia.
- 797 BC — Thespieus, King of Athens, dies after a reign of 27 years and is succeeded by his son Agamestor.
- 783 BC — Shalmaneser IV succeeds his father Adad-nirari III as king of Assyria.
- 782 BC — Founding of Erebuni (Էրեբունի) by the orders of King Argishtis I at the site of current-day Yerevan.
- 782 BC — Death of King Xuan of Zhou, King of the Zhou Dynasty (1122 BC — 256 BC) of China.
- 781 BC — King You of Zhou becomes King of the Zhou Dynasty (1122 BC — 256 BC) of China.
- 780 BC — The first historic solar eclipse is recorded in China.
- 778 BC — Agamestor, King of Athens, dies after a reign of 17 years and is succeeded by his son Aeschylus.
- 776 BC — First recorded Olympic Games. The history of the Games is believed to reach as far back as the 13th century BC but no older written record survives.
- 774 BC — End of the reign of king Pygmalion of Tyre.
- 773 BC — Death of Shoshenq III, king of Egypt.
- 773 BC — Ashur-Dan III succeeds his brother Shalmaneser IV as king of Assyria.
- 771 BC — End of the Western Zhou Dynasty in China as "western" barbarian tribes sack the capital Hao. King You of Zhou is killed. Crown Prince Ji Yijiu escapes and will reign as King Ping of Zhou.
- 770 BC — Beginning of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty in China as King Ping of Zhou becomes the first King of the Zhou to rule from the new capital of Chengzhou (today Luoyang).
- Assyria conquers Damascus and Samaria.
- June 15, 763 BC — A solar eclipse at this date is used to fix the chronology of the Ancient Near East.
- 756 BC — Founding of Cyzicus.
- 755 BC — Ashur-nirari V succeeds Ashur-Dan III as king of Assyria.
- 755 BC — Aeschylus, King of Athens, dies after a reign of 23 years and is succeeded by Alcmaeon.
- 753 BC — Alcmaeon, King of Athens, dies after a reign of 2 years. He is replaced by Harops, elected Archon for a ten-year term.
- April 21, 753 BC- Rome founded by Romulus (according to tradition). Beginning of the Roman 'Ab urbe condita' calendar.
- February 26, 747 BC — Nabonassar becomes king of Assyria.
- 747 BC — Meles becomes king of Lydia.
- 745 BC — The Crown of Assyria seized by Pul, who takes the name Tiglath-Pileser III.
- 743 BC — Duke Zhuang of the Chinese state of Zheng comes to power.
- 740 BC — Tiglath-Pileser III conquers the city of Arpad in Syria after two years of siege.
- 740 BC — Start of Ahaz's reign of Judah.
- 739 BC — Hiram II becomes king of Tyre.
- 738 BC — King Tiglath-Pileser III of Assyria invades Israel, forcing it to pay tribute.
- 734 BC — Naxus in Sicily founded as a colony of Chalcis in Euboea. (traditional date)
- 732 BC — Hoshea becomes the last king of Israel.
- 730 BC — Osorkon IV succeeds Sheshonq IV as king of the Twenty-second dynasty of Egypt.
- 730 BC — Piye succeeds his father Kashta as king of the Nubian kingdom of Napata.
- 730 BC — Mattan II succeeds Hiram II as king of Tyre.
- 728 BC — Piye invades Egypt, conquering Memphis, and receives the submission of the rulers of the Nile Delta. He founds the Twenty-fifth dynasty of Egypt.
- 727 BC — Babylonia makes itself independent of Assyria.
- 724 BC — The Assyrians start a four-year siege of Tyre.
- 724 BC — The diaulos footrace introduced at the Olympics.
- 722 BC — Spring and Autumn Period of China's history begins as King King Ping of Zhou of the Zhou Dynasty reigns in name only.
- 722 BC — Israel is conquered by Assyrian king Sargon II.
- 720 BC — End of the Assyrian siege of Tyre.
- 710s BC — Judah, Tyre and Sidon revolt against Assyria.
- 719 BC — King Huan of Zhou of the Zhou Dynasty becomes ruler of China.
- 718 BC — Gyges becomes the ruler of Lydia.
- 717 BC — Assyrian king Sargon conquers the Hittites stronghold of Carchemish.
- 717 BC — Sargon II founds a new capital for Assyria at Dur-Sharrukin.
- 716 BC — Roman legend marks this as the date that Romulus ended his rule.
- 715 BC — Start of the reign of Roman King Numa Pompilius.
- 713 BC — Numa Pompilius reforms the Roman calendar.
- 712 BC — Numa Pompilius creates the office of Pontifex Maximus.
- 706 BC — Spartan immigrants found Taras (Tarentum, the modern Taranto) colony in southern Italy.
- 705 BC — Sennacherib succeeds his brother Shalmaneser V as king of Assyria.
- 704 BC — Sennacherib moves the capital of Assyria to Nineveh.
- 701 BC — King Hezekiah of Judah, backed by Egypt, revolts against king Sennacherib of Assyria. Sennacherib sacks many Palestinian cities, but fails in his attempt to take Jerusalem.
- 700 BC — The Scythians start settling in Cimmerian areas, slowly replacing the previous inhabitants.
- 700 BC — End of the Villanovan culture in northern Italy and rise of the Etruscan civilization.
- 700 BC — The Upanishads, a sacred text of Hinduism, are written around this time.
- Mid-8th century BC — Model of temple, found in the Sanctuary of Hera, Argos, is made. It is now at National Archeological Museum, Athens.
- Greeks colonize Mediterranean and Black Seas.
- Thraco-Cimmerian influence in Central Europe.
Significant persons
- 760s BC — Argishtis I of Urartu dies.
- 760s BC — Amaziah of Judah dies.
- 760s BC — Archilaus, king of Sparta, dies.
- 760s BC — Marduk-apla-usur and Eriba-Marduk, kings of Babylon, dies.
- 760s BC — Rivallo, legendary king of the Britons, dies.
- Shoshonq V, Pharaoh of the Twenty-second dynasty of Egypt (767 BC–730 BC).
- Osorkon III, Pharaoh of the Twenty-second dynasty of Egypt (787 BC–759 BC).
- Takelot III, Pharaoh of the Twenty-third dynasty of Egypt (764 BC–757 BC).
- Rudamun, Pharaoh of the Twenty-third dynasty of Egypt (757 BC–754 BC).
- Iuput, Pharaoh of the Twenty-third dynasty of Egypt (754 BC–715 BC).
- Niumateped, King of the Libyans (775 BC–750 BC).
- Titaru, King of the Libyans (758 BC–750 BC).
- Ker, King of the Libyans (750 BC–745 BC).
- Midas (King of Phrygia).
- Hezekiah of the Kingdom of Judah (reigned 715 BC–687 BC).
- Sennacherib, King of Assyria and conqueror of Babylon (705–681 BC).
- Homer (exact dates unknown, usually dated to the mid to late 8th century BC).
- 740s BC — Romulus and Remus.
- 725 BC — Bakenranef (also known as Bocchoris) succeeds his father Tefnakhte as king of the Twenty-fourth dynasty of Egypt.
- Ahaz, king of Judah (735 BC–715 BC).
- 723 BC — Shalmaneser V, king of Assyria, dies.
- 723 BC — Sargon succeeds Shalmaneser V as king of Assyria.
- 721 BC — Shabaka succeeds his father Piye as king of the Twenty-fifth dynasty of Egypt.
- 720 BC — Shabaka kills Bakenranef (Bocchoris), ending the Twenty-fourth Dynasty of Egypt
- 720 BC — Death of Zhou ping wang, King of the Zhou Dynasty of China.
- 715 BC — Osorkon IV dies, ending the Twenty-second dynasty of Egypt.
- 713 BC — Birth of semi-legendary Zamolxis in Dacia.
Inventions, discoveries, introductions
- Chinese record solar eclipse.
- Demotic writing appeared in Ancient Egypt.